|
by K.G.Mohanan, P.C.Antonel Vaz, J.Sunilduth, A.Radhakrishnan, V.A.Sebastian and U.S.Sarma, Proceedings of
the International workshop on Wet processing of Coir 8-9, December 1997
Dyeing of coir
fibre/yarn is essential for improving the marketability of coir products and
satisfying the requirements of consumers. A literature and industrial survey had
been conducted to ascertain the dyestuffs/chemicals and processes used for
colouring coir materials and comparative cost involved for dyeing of coir. The
fastness characteristics of different classes of dyestuffs used for dyeing of
coir materials were analysed and chemicals marketed by different firms were
examined for their suitability in the dyeing of coir.
The synthetic, natural and ecofriendly dyestuffs were identified and
dyeing experiments were carried out for assessing their suitability to coir.
A dyestuff is
most commonly an organic compound which can be used to impart colour to a
substance. The literature survey
reveals that a wide range of dyes capable of yielding bright shades of good to
excellent fastness are available for the dyeing of textiles.
However, quite a large number of such dyes are not useful for dyeing
coir, for some of them require special pretreatments of the material before the
dye is applied or they are costly from the point of view of the coir industry. Dyes are applied
to coir materials by two distinct processes, dyeing and printing of which the
former is extensively used. In
dyeing, the fibre absorbs the dye from the aqueous solution or dispersion and is
more or less uniformly coloured. The
uniformity of dyeing (level dyeing) depends upon the absorptive power of coir
fibre, the nature of the dye and condition of dyeing.
The dyed shade usually must be matched against a sample and the fastness
of the dyeing (ie. the resistance of the shade to the action of light, water
rubbing etc.) must conform to the specified requirement of the consumer. In the attempts
to identify dyes/chemicals suitable for achieving better fastness properties,
penetration and brilliant shade with less cost revealed that the most commonly
used dyestuffs for coir materials belong to the classes of Basic, Acid and
Direct dyes. These dyes are applied
to the materials from their solution in water with the aid of chemicals like
acetic acid, sulphuric acid formic acid, common salt etc. to facilitate the transfer of dyes from the dye bath to the
fibre substrate under appropriate conditions of temperature for specified
periods depending on the dyestuff that is being used. The basic dyes
have high tinctorial value and affinity to coir but are fugitive to light and
rubbing. The acid dyes have better
fastness to light but of less brightness that basic dyes.
Direct dyes find use in producing shades having fastness properties
better than acid dyes but they produce dull shades and require longer processing
time. The use of imported dyes is
limited in coir Industry.
The survey
confirmed that the major quantity of dyeing of coir fibre/yarn is done in the
small scale sector using conventional process.
With a view to improve the quality of dyed material, modern dyeing
methods are also adopted by the industry. The
industry adopts the following methods for dyeing. 1.
Conventional method of dyeing coir 2.
Improved method of dyeing coir 3.
Mechanised method of dyeing coir In the
conventional method, the dyeing is carried out in copper or alminium/Indalium or
G.I dye vat of 1.2 M dia and 0.75 height placed on hearth made out of country
bricks, fired from below using country wood.
The dye vat is sufficient to process 60 kg.of coir yarn or 30 kg.of coir
fibre with a material to liquor ratio of 1:12 for coir yarn and 1:20 for coir
fibre. After filling with required quantity of water, it is heated from below
till the required temperature is reached. The
required quantity of dyestuffs (according to the percentage of shade) and
chemicals are added to the dye bath after making into a paste. The dye bath is
stirred well and the material is entered and turned manually at frequent
intervals for level dyeing. At the
end of dyeing the material is taken out washed in cold water and dried under
shade. IMPROVED
METHOD OF DYEING COIR The improved
method of dyeing process is carried out by highly skilled Moopansin the
industry using dye vats made or stainless steel and fitted with drinage valve
for proper draining or dye effluents. The
vats are fixed on hearths made of fire bricks with flue pipes for efficient air
draught for maximum utilisation of the heat energy. The dyes are taken as per
recipes formulated by CCRI which is available on the shade cards.
The quality of dyeing is improved compared to the small scale sector. MECHANISED
SYSTEM OF DYEING To get the best
desired result, coir yarn is dyed in the mechanised system of dyeing, comprising
of dye vats with forced circulation of the dye liquor in two directions on
uniformly arranged coir yarn for uniform level dyeing. The temperature is
controlled as per the requirement by regulating the flow of heating system.
After the dyeing operation, hydro-extractors are used to drive out the
major part of the machanically held up water and finally these materials are
dried on the endless conveyor drier, for efficient drying.
This system of dyeing helps to improve the penetration, shade
consistency, uniform dyeing on coir fibre/yarn by the action of temperature,
efficient & forced circulation of dye liquor and period of dyeing.
This method help to dye large quantities of material at a time avoiding
shade variations compared to the other two processes. The comparative
cost for dyeing using standard receipes for five common solid colours in
conventional improved and mechanised system of dyeings are furnished below as
Table I
The
fastness properties of dyed coir materials witch as water fastness, light
fastness and rubbing fastness, are to be determined in respect of each dyestuff
belonging to the different classes. A
number of dyestuffs belonging to basic, acid and direct classes were used to for
colouring coir materials such as retted coir fibre, green husks fibre, green
husk treated with coirret, yarn from retted and brown coir fibre.
The details of the shades developed with receipe are furnished as
Annexure-1I The yarn
produced from brown fibre was dyed in different shades using dyestuffs such as
Auramine, Rhodamine B 500, Magenta, Malachite green, Bismark brown, Chrysodine,
Methyle violet at different concentrations of 0.2%, 0.25% and 0.3%. It was observed
that the shades with 0.25% of the basic dyes showed a satisfactory coverage on
the fibre. In order to
compare the brightness of shade, pick up light and water fastness, green husk
fibre treated with coirret and retted coir fibre were dyed using Acid orange II,
Rhodamine B 500, Direct green B and Malachite green for developing different
shades. 4 shades evolved
from acid and 2 shades from direct classes of dyestuffs which is safe to the
environment was taken on coir yarn spun from retted fibre using receipe.
Detailed in Table VI
1.
The mechanised system
of dyeing is most effective as it helps to achieve shade consistency, between penetration of dyes and byulk treatment of odye effluent 2.
The list of banned
carcinogenic dyes and chemicals were identified and circulated
among the trade. 3.
It is desirable to assess fastness properties of each dyestuff belonging
to different classes and their suitability to coir 5. Strict adherance to the methods of dyeing including the optimum use of chemicals, temp and duration of treatment is necessary
to obtain dyeing of satisfactory standards. 7.
Light bleaching of the material prior to dyeing yield pastel shades of good
brightness.
The authors
place it on record their sincere thanks to FAO/CFC for providing fund to conduct
the studies and also grateful to the Coir Board for providing facilities for
carrying out the investigations and for their kind permission to publish this
paper,
BIBLIOGRA 1. Reactive dyes
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1995
3. Dyestuff
Industries in a changing Era-Chalenges and oppurtunities, R.A.Mashelkar
and T.Ravindran, Chemical Weekly July 25
1995 P 147-151 4. German
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5029-5030 6.Dyeing of jute
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4788. 9. Action of light upon
Jute,H.J.Callow,C.A.Vol.41, 1947,P 4651-4652 10. Coir observation and it dying
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P.25-27 11. Staining jute by different acid and
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C.A.Vol.68,1968,P 201-203 12. Dyeing Sisal and other plant fibre,
AJ Canning and C.G.Jarman, G 177
Nov.
1983, TDRI, London. 13. Black dyes for coir fibre,
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A.J.Canning and C.G.Jarman, G.178,1983
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1952, P.6865-9892 18. Application of dyes to textile
fibres at high temperature, Charles. L.Zimmerman
C.A.Vol.48,1954, P 627-634 19. Dyeing cellulose fibre at a
temperature higher than 100 deg.cent. J.G.S.
Pawelstia,C.A..vol 60, 1964, P 3461-7420 20.Treating of jute for improved light
fastness. Sengupta et.al.CA Vol 72,
1970, 676223 21. Action of light on jute, W.G.
Macmillan et.al. J.Text. Inst. 45 1954,
P 700-702 22. Dyeing on sisal and other plant
fibres, A hand book for craft instructors,
A.J.Canning & C.G.Jarman. G 176, 1983,
TDRI, London 23. Light fastness of dyeing, the state
of direct dyes in cellulose, Wanshikha Ta Hanhua Hsueh Hui-chit, C.A.Vol.60, 1964, P
3460. 24. High light fastness of dyes,
C.H.Giles and K.V.Datya, J.App ;.Chem,
C,.A..Vol.60, 1964, P 473 25. Xenon 450, an apparatus for rapid
illumination and weathering, Kockott, Dieter
Klippert, C.A.Vol.70, 1969, P.1692, 479 zq. 26. Colour change due to flart abrasion
(Frosting) Screen method AATCC
technical manual
1963. 27. Colour fastness to crocking carpets,
AATCC Test method 165, 1988AATCC
Technical Manual 1993 28. Colour change due to flat abrasion
(Frosting) AATCC Test method 120, 1989
Emery mothos, AATCC Manual 1993 29. Silk and wool with
god colour fastness to
rubbing Sawa, Masad , Yasube,
Kazuo, Tapan, C>A>Vol.73, 1970 P 21136. 30. Technology of Textile
Proscessing V.A.Shenai (UDCT,
Mumbai, India)Textile
dyer Printer, C.A. Vol.73,1970,P67529. 31.
High Temperature Dyeing .P.K.Agrawal.
Silk & Rayoon Industries
. India C.A.Vol.73, 1970. P
83662. 32. Coir Dyeing K.Kylash, C.A.
Vop.139,1945.P1261 33. Dyeing
of Jute Hessuab Favbric
A.W.Brown, Text, Journal Australia,.
XC.A.Vol.37. 1969, P1043-1044. 34. Silk Rayon Industry in India ,
M.D.Bhavsar, Sasmira, Mumbai India
C.A.Vol.71,1969,P113982 35. Mechanised cor dyeing , K.G.Mohanan,
Coir News, Vol XXIV No.3 March
15 1995 P9 36. Levelers for Dyeing, Sara P Malik,
Belgium, C.A. Vol 61, 1964, P 16472 37. Effect of light on dyeing and dyes,
Ludwig, Hoffmann, V.A.Vol 61, 1964, P 12597 38. Dyeing of cotton with reactive
dyes. H.T.Lokhande, C.A.Vol.71,1969, P.3699 39. Dyeing of cellulose fibres with
reactive dyes, Vonder Eltz, C.A.Vol 74, 1971,
P 14147. 40. Basic Dyes in Textile Printing,
Kuchnel, C.A.Vol 72, 1970 P.101671 41. Application of textiles
auxiliaries, Nirokas. M.V.Chem.Abstr.74, 1971,
P.134845 42. Blue colour fading of the ISI light
fstness scale in relation to the amount of
irradiated light. Presle L F C, Chem 74,
1971 P 49466 43. Dyeing and Printing with fibre reactive dyes.
Balland Jean,
Chem.Abstr
74, 1971, P 14152 44. Technology of Textile Processing, Shenai. V.A. Chem.Abstr.72, 1970,P,137184 45. Brightness and Uniformity of dyeing
from the view point of the dyeing material Fujimoto
Nubumasa, Chem.Abstr.73, 1970 P.105258 46. Simultaneous bleaching and dyeing
of cellulose fibre by means of indigosol, Goorhuls,
Chem.Abstr. 69, 1968 P.11317 47.Singlebath bleaching-dyeing of jute
fabric with hydrogen peroxide-direct
dyeing combinations. Pandey S.N.,
Chattopadya A.N, Pan N.C. and Dey A. Indian
Journal of fibre & Textile Research Vol.19, March 1994 P.3437 ANNEXURE-1
|
| ANNEXURE- I I |
| RETTED COIR FIBRE |
|
Sl..No. |
Shade |
Dyestuffs
used |
Percentage |
|
1 |
Deep
Blue |
Acid
Brill Blue BR Acid
violet Sulphuric
acid |
1.00 1.50 2.00 |
|
2 |
Brown |
Direct
Catachine 77 New Common
Salt |
2.00 10.0 |
|
3 |
Chocolate |
Direct
Brown MR Direct
black E Common
Salt |
1.50 0.50 10.0 |
|
4 |
Yellow |
Chrysophine
CH Common
Salt |
2.50 10.0 |
|
5 |
Green |
Malachite
Green XLS Auramine
OA Acetid
Acid |
0.40 0.10 2.00 |
|
6 |
Deep
Brown |
Direct
Catachine 77New Direct
brown MR Common
Salt |
2.00 0.50 10.0 |
|
7 |
|
Acid
Brill Blue BR Nigrosine
XLS |
0.20 0.10 |
|
8 |
|
Acid
Milling Red G Acid
Milling yellow Nigrosine
XLS |
1.50 1.50 0.01 |
|
9 |
|
Acid
Milling Yellow Patent
Blue ASD Conc. Nigrosine
XLS |
0.05 0.05 0.03 |
|
10 |
|
Acid
Brill Blue BR Nigrosine
XLS |
0.50 0.10 |
|
11 |
|
Acid
Turquoise Blue Acid
Brill Blue |
0.10 0.10 |
|
12 |
|
Nigrosine
XLS Acid
Brill Blue BR |
0.20 0.02 |
|
13 |
|
Acid
Turquise Blue G Acid
Brill Blue BR |
0.60 0.40 |
|
14 |
|
Acid
Brill Blue BR Patent
Blue ASD Cone Nigrosine
XLS |
0.40 0.15 0.15 |
|
15 |
|
Acid
Milling yellow Acid
Turquoise Blue G Nigrosine
XLS |
0.40 0.25 0.05 |
|
16 |
|
Acid
Brill blue BR Nigrosine
XLS |
0.70 0.20 |
|
17 |
|
Direct
yellow SGL |
0.30 |
|
18 |
|
Direct
fast Orange SE Direct
fast violet 4BL |
0.18 0.015 |
|
19 |
|
Chrysophenine
CH Direct
fast Orange SE |
0.15 0.02 |
|
20 |
|
Direct
fast red 5B Direct
fast Orange SE Direct
fast Violet 4BL Aso fast
LRW |
0.05 0.025 0.01 1.00 |
|
21 |
|
Direct
fast orange SE Direct
fast Red 5B |
0.50 0.50 |
|
22 |
|
Direct
green B Direct
Sky Blue D 6B Chysophinine
CH |
1.00 0.30 0.15 |
|
23 |
|
Direct
Green B Direct
Sky Blue D 6B |
1.00 0.50 |
|
24 |
|
Direct
Green B Chrysophenine
CH |
0.05 0.03 |
|
25 |
|
Direct
Fast Red 5 B |
1.00 |
|
26 |
|
Direct
fast blue FFS Direct
Sky Blue D 6B |
0.15 0.15 |
|
27 |
|
Direct
Catachine 77 New Direct
Brown MR |
0.25 0.01 |
|
28 |
|
Chrysophenine
CH Direct
fast orange SE |
0.30 0.10 |
| COIR YARN (Natural) |
|
Sl.No. |
Shade |
Dyestuffs
used |
Percentage |
|
1 |
Lido |
Mechylene
Blue 2B Methyl
Violet 2 B |
0.10 0.10 |
|
2 |
Ultramarine |
Methylene
Blue 2B Methyl
Violet |
0.10 0.15 |
|
3 |
Indian
Yellow |
Auramine
OA Chrysodine
7 |
0.15 0.25 |
|
4 |
English
Vermition |
Acid
Milling red G |
0.10 |
|
5 |
Citrine
|
Auramine
OA |
0.20 |
|
6 |
Bronze
green |
Direct
fast olive RN con. Direct
black E |
0.90 0.05 |
|
7. |
Light
Chrome |
Direct
Yellow 5 GL |
1.10 |
|
8 |
Indian
Orange |
Acid
Orange II |
0.10 |
|
9 |
Strawberry |
Rhodamine
B 500 Chrysodine
7(on bleached yarn |
0.15 0.30 |
| YARN FROM BROWN COIR |
|
Sl..No. |
Shade |
Dyestuffs
used |
Percentage |
|
1 |
|
Acid
Brill Blue BR |
0.20 |
|
2 |
|
Nigrosine
XLS |
0.20 |
|
3 |
|
Patent
Blue AS |
0.50 |
|
4 |
|
Acid
Orange II Acid
Yellow |
1.70 0.04 |
|
5 |
|
Patent
Blue Nigrosine
XLS |
0.05 0.07 |
|
6 |
|
Acid
Orange II |
1.00 |
|
7 |
|
Nigrosine
XLS |
0.50 |
|
8 |
|
Patent
Blue AS |
0.10 |
|
9 |
|
Acid
Orange II |
0.50 |
1.Rhodamine B 500
2.Malachite green XLS
3.Chrysodine G
4.Acid yellow G
5.Acid Green B
6.Coomasse Red
PG
7.Direct Catachine 77 new
8.Direct fast Scarlet SE
9.Direct fast yellow 3G
10.Procion Brill Red M-5B
11.Procion yellow M-3R
12.Procion Turquoise M-GN
13.Acid Brill oBlue BR
14.Acid Violet
15.Direct Brown MR
16.Direct Black E
17.Chrysophenine CH
18.Aurammine OA
19.Nigrosine XLS
20.Acid Milling Red G
21.Acid Milling Yellow
22.Patent Blue ASD Con.
23.Acid Turquoise BlueG
24.Direct yellow 5 GL
25.Direct fast Orange SE
26.Direct fast ciolet 4 BL
27.Direct fast red 5 B
28.Direct green B
29.Direct sky Blue D 6B
30.Direct fast Ble FFS
31.Methylene Blue 2B
32.Methyl
Violet 2 B
33.Direct
fast Olive RN cone.
34.Acid Orange II
4.Common Salt
5.Soda ash
6.Sodium bicarbonate
7.Caustic soda
8.Urea
9.Azofast LRW
| ANNEXURE-I A: ACID DYES |
|
C.I.NAME |
C.I.No |
COMMERCIAL NAME |
EXAMPLES |
|
Acid Black 29 Acid Black 94 |
30336 |
AMINE RELEASING Black B/BS Black B/BV |
Nylacid fast Black B Chromoloather fast Black BV Corlacid Black B |
|
Acid Black 209 |
---- |
Black
FC |
|
|
Acid Black 131 |
---- |
Black
GBL/BGL Gray BGL |
Irgalan Black GBL Lanasya Black BGL |
|
Acid Black 132 |
---- |
Black
BRI/RBL |
Irgalan Black RBI Lanasyn Black BRL |
|
Acid Orange 45 |
22195 |
Orange
R |
Acid Orange R Milling Orange R Fast
Orange R |
|
Acid Red 4 |
14710 |
Eosine
G.Gc Pink B, Scarlet B/BL Red E |
Anll Acid Fast Pink B Anil Acid Scarlet B Erlo Scartet B Atul Acid Pink B |
|
Acid iRed 5 |
14905 |
Rhodine
Gr Red R/RR |
Erio Red R Azo Rhodine GR |
|
Acid Red 73 |
27290 |
Croceine
MOO/38/3BA Scariet DOO/3BC/R Red GR |
Atul Crocoline Scarlet Moo Ensin Red GR |
|
Acid Red 118 |
26660 |
Cloth
Red G2B |
|
|
Acid Red 150 |
27190 |
Cloth
Red 2R, No.6 Scarlet |
|
|
Acid Red 264 |
18133 |
Brill
Red 3 BL |
|
|
Acid Red 420 |
|
Scarlet
Y-LEW |
|
|
Acid Red 24 |
16140 |
Ponceau
G RT Poncequ Scarlet |
|
|
Acid Red 85 |
22245 |
Red
G |
Atul Acid Milling Red G |
|
Acid ioRed 114 |
23635 |
Red
2R/RS/BB |
Coomassie Red 2R Nylomine Red C-2R Sadolan Red RSI Nylosan Red F-RS Milling Red BB |
|
Acid Red 115 |
27200 |
Red
2B |
Erlosin Red 2B |
|
Acid Red 128 |
24125 |
Red
3B Bordeaux R |
Milling Borodeaux R Atul Acid Milling Red 3B |
|
Acid 148 |
26665 |
Red
BC |
Emiacid clothe Red BC |
|
Acid Red 158 |
20530 |
Red
3 BL/ER |
Supranol Red 3 BL Teleon Fast Red ER |
|
Acid Red 167 |
--- |
Red
B |
Polnr Red B Milling Fast Red B |
|
Acid Red 265 Rhodine/Calmine4B |
18129 |
Red
BL |
Sandolan Brilliant Red E-BL Milling Red BL |
|
Acid Violet 12 |
18075 |
Red
2B/BB/BBA/A2B |
Acid Red A2B |
|
Acid Brown 415 |
--- |
Brown
S-GL |
|
| POISONOUS |
|
C.I.NAME |
C.I.No |
COMMERCIAL NAME |
EXAMPLES |
|
Acid Orange 156 Acid Orange 165 |
26501 28602 |
Orange 3 G Orange GL/GNS Orange 8RE |
Sandlolain Orange PGL Hylosan Orange CGNS Aciddol Orange 3 RE |
| CARCINOGENIC |
|
C.I.NAME |
C.I.No |
COMMERCIAL NAME |
EXAMPLES |
|
Acid Dye |
16155 |
Ponceau 3R/ 3RN |
|
|
Acid Red 16 |
16150 |
Ponceau 2R/RR/RL/FR |
Acid Ponceau 2RL |
|
Acid Violet 49 |
42640 |
Violet
38/48/68 |
Erloslno
Violet 38 Acitan
Violet S4 BN Acid
Violet |
| ALLERGENIC |
|
C.I.NAME |
C.I.No |
COMMERCIAL NAME |
EXAMPLES |
|
Acid
Violet 17 |
42650 |
Violet
4B/4BS/R |
Acid Brill Milling Violet 4BS Coomassic
Violet R Sanolan
Brill Violet E 4BNG |
| ANNEXURE-I B : BASIC DYES |
CARCINOGENIC
|
C.I.NAME |
C.I.No |
COMMERCIAL NAME |
EXAMPLES |
|
Basic Red 9 |
|
Fusine
rosandine Magenta N |
|
|
Basic Yellow |
41000 |
Auramine O |
|
|
C.I.NAME |
C.I.No |
COMMERCIAL NAME |
EXAMPLES |
|
Basic blue 3 |
51004 |
Blue BG/3G Blue Green 5G |
Astrazone Blue BG Basacryl Blue Green X-5G Sandocryl Blue B 3G |
|
Basic Blue 7 |
42595 |
Blue BO |
Victoria Pure Blue BO Lake Blue BO |
|
Basic Blue 81 |
42595 |
Blue FGA |
Victoria pure blue FGA |
|
Basic Red 12 |
48070 |
Phloxine G Pink AS Red BG |
Astra Pholoxine G
Extrn.Brillint. Pink AS |
|
Baosic Violet 16 |
48013 |
Violet 3R Red BG/68 |
Astra Violet 3 R Extra Basacry Brill Red BG Sandocryl Red B 6B |
|
Basic Yellow 21 |
48069 |
Yellow 6G/ 7G |
Astrazon Yellow 7GL1 Sandocryl Brill yellow B 6 GL |
AMINE RELEASING
|
C.I.NAME |
C.I.No |
COMMERCIAL NAME |
EXAMPLES |
|
Basic Brown 4 (Solvent Brown12) |
21010 |
Bismark brown R Vesuvine B Brown AI |
Atul Bismarck Brown R Astra Vesuivme 8 |
|
Basic Red 42 |
|
Red BJ |
|
|
Basic Red 111 |
|
Red EB K 2n BN |
|
| ANNEXURE- I C: DIRECT DYES |
|
Name of
Company |
Brand Name |
|
Atul |
Atul Direct |
|
Ariabs |
Tezazol |
|
Bayer |
Sirus,
Supta |
|
Ciba |
Chloraline,
Cupraling |
|
Dinesh |
Dinamine |
|
Golden dyes |
Godamine Fast |
|
I.C.I |
Chlorazol,
Durozol |
|
Indokem |
Incomine |
|
Sandoz |
Solar,
Pyrazol |
|
Texdyes |
Texazol,
Texirius |
The Ci
names and commercial names are given below. No specific of brand names are given
as all dyes areio known by their commercial name
|
C.I.Name |
C.I.No. |
Chemical
Name |
||
|
AMINE
RELEASING |
|
|
||
|
Direct
Black 29 |
22580 |
Black Bo |
||
|
Direct
Black 38 |
30235 |
Black
E/2E/EC/EG/ER/RT |
||
|
Direct
Black 4 |
30245 |
Black W/RW/R/RX/D |
||
|
Direct
Black 154 |
|
Deep black
XA/AXN |
||
|
Direct
Black 91 |
30400 |
Copper
Black R/RL/RLW |
||
|
Direct Blue
1 |
24410 |
Sky blue FB/FFGB Blue GB/FF |
||
|
Direct Blue
10 |
24340 |
Blue
G/GS/DG |
||
|
Direct Blue
14 |
24850 |
Blue
3B/3BX/NB/2BG |
||
|
Direct Blue
15 |
24400 |
Sky
blue/Pure blue FB Sky Blue
A/FF |
||
|
Direct Blue
151 |
24175 |
Copper Blue
B/BB/A |
||
|
Direct Blue
160 |
|
Copper Navy
blue R/RLL/RLW |
||
|
Direct Blue
173 |
|
Copper blue
3G |
||
|
Direct Blue
192 |
|
Dialuminous
blue GF |
||
|
Direct Blue
2 |
22590 |
Black BT/BH/ABC Navy blue
BH |
||
|
Direct Blue
201 |
|
Blue BRL |
||
|
Direct Blue
215 |
24115 |
Copper blue
GR |
||
|
Direct Blue
22 |
24280 |
Blue RW/Blue
5G |
||
|
Direct Blue
25 Direct Blue
295 |
24790 23820 |
Blue/Brill
blue/New blue 5B Blue
2BNB |
||
|
Direct Blue
3 |
23705 |
Asurine 3B Veiolet 20 |
||
|
Direct Blue
35 |
24145 |
Brill blue
3B/3BN |
||
|
Direct Blue
6 |
22610 |
Blue
2B/BB/2B |
||
|
Direct Red
22 |
Basic Red 42 |
|
Red BJ |
|
|
Basic Red 111 |
|
Red EB K 2n BN |
|
| ANNEXURE- I C: DIRECT DYES |
|
Name of
Company |
Brand Name |
|
Atul |
Atul Direct |
|
Ariabs |
Tezazol |
|
Bayer |
Sirus,
Supta |
|
Ciba |
Chloraline,
Cupraling |
|
Dinesh |
Dinamine |
|
Golden dyes |
Godamine Fast |
|
I.C.I |
Chlorazol,
Durozol |
|
Incomine |
|
|
Sandoz |
Solar,
Pyrazol |
|
Texdyes |
Texazol,
Texirius |
The Ci
names and commercial names are given below. No specific of brand names are given
as all dyes areio known by their commercial name
|
C.I.Name |
C.I.No. |
Chemical
Name |
|
AMINE
RELEASING |
|
|
|
Direct
Black 29 |
22580 |
Black Bo |
|
Direct
Black 38 |
30235 |
Black
E/2E/EC/EG/ER/RT |
|
Direct
Black 4 |
30245 |
Black W/RW/R/RX/D |
|
Direct
Black 154 |
|
Deep black
XA/AXN |
|
Direct
Black 91 |
|
| TECHNIQUES OF DYEING COIR MATERIALS |
by K.G.Mohanan, P.C.Antonel Vaz, J.Sunilduth, A.Radhakrishnan, V.A.Sebastian and U.S.Sarma, Proceedings
of
the International workshop on Wet processing of Coir 8-9, December 1997
| ABSTRACT |
Dyeing of coir
fibre/yarn is essential for improving the marketability of coir products and
satisfying the requirements of consumers. A literature and industrial survey had
been conducted to ascertain the dyestuffs/chemicals and processes used for
colouring coir materials and comparative cost involved for dyeing of coir. The
fastness characteristics of different classes of dyestuffs used for dyeing of
coir materials were analysed and chemicals marketed by different firms were
examined for their suitability in the dyeing of coir.
The synthetic, natural and ecofriendly dyestuffs were identified and
dyeing experiments were carried out for assessing their suitability to coir.
| INTRODUCTION |
A dyestuff is
most commonly an organic compound which can be used to impart colour to a
substance. The literature survey
reveals that a wide range of dyes capable of yielding bright shades of good to
excellent fastness are available for the dyeing of textiles.
However, quite a large number of such dyes are not useful for dyeing
coir, for some of them require special pretreatments of the material before the
dye is applied or they are costly from the point of view of the coir industry.
Dyes are applied
to coir materials by two distinct processes, dyeing and printing of which the
former is extensively used. In
dyeing, the fibre absorbs the dye from the aqueous solution or dispersion and is
more or less uniformly coloured. The
uniformity of dyeing (level dyeing) depends upon the absorptive power of coir
fibre, the nature of the dye and condition of dyeing.
The dyed shade usually must be matched aginst a sample and the fastness
of the dyeing (ie. the resistance of the shade to the action of light, water
rubbing etc.) must conform to the specified requirement of the consumer.
In the attempts
to identify dyes/chemicals suitable for achieving better fastness properties,
penetration and brilliant shade with less cost revealed that the most commonly
used dyestuffs for coir materials belong to the classes of Basic, Acid and
Direct dyes. These dyes are applied
to the materials from their solution in water with the aid of chemicals like
acetic acid, sulphuric acid formic acid, common salt etc. to facilitate the transfer of dyes from the dye bath to the
fibre substrate under appropriate conditions of temperature for specified
periods depending on the dyestuff that is being used.
The basic dyes
have high tinctorial value and affinity to coir but are fugitive to light and
rubbing. The acid dyes have better
fastness to light but of less brightness that basic dyes.
Direct dyes find use in producing shades having fastness properties
better than acid dyes but they produce dull shades and require longer processing
time. The use of imported dyes is
limited in coir Industry.
| INDUSTRIAL SURVEY |
The survey
confirmed that the major quantity of dyeing of coir fibre/yarn is done in the
small scale sector using conventional process.
With a view to improve the quality of dyed material, modern dyeing
methods are also adopted by the industry. The
industry adopts the following methods for dyeing.
1.
Conventional method of dyeing coir
2.
Improved method of dyeing coir
3.
Mechanised method of dyeing coir
In the
conventional method, the dyeing is carried out in copper or alminium/Indalium or
G.I dye vat of 1.2 M dia and 0.75 height placed on hearth made out of country
bricks, fired from below using country wood.
The dye vat is sufficient to process 60 kg.of coir yarn or 30 kg.of coir
fibre with a material to liquor ratio of 1:12 for coir yarn and 1:20 for coir
fibre. After filling with required quantity of water, it is heated from below
till the required temperature is reached. The
required quantity of dyestuffs (according to the percentage of shade) and
chemicals are added to the dye bath after making into a paste. The dye bath is
stirred well and the material is entered and turned manually at frequent
intervals for level dyeing. At the
end of dyeing the material is taken out washed in cold water and dried under
shade.
IMPROVED
METHOD OF DYEING COIR
The improved
method of dyeing process is carried out by highly skilled Moopansin the
industry using dye vats made or stainless steel and fitted with drinage valve
for proper draining or dye effluents. The
vats are fixed on hearths made of fire bricks with flue pipes for efficient air
draught for maximum utilisation of the heat energy. The dyes are taken as per
recipes formulated by CCRI which is available on the shade cards.
The quality of dyeing is improved compared to the small scale sector.
MECHANISED
SYSTEM OF DYEING
To get the best
desired result, coir yarn is dyed in the mechanised system of dyeing, comprising
of dye vats with forced circulation of the dye liquor in two directions on
uniformly arranged coir yarn for uniform level dyeing. The temperature is
controlled as per the requirement by regulating the flow of heating system.
After the dyeing operation, hydro-extractors are used to drive out the
major part of the mechanically held up water and finally these materials are
dried on the endless conveyor drier, for efficient drying.
This system of dyeing helps to improve the penetration, shade
consistency, uniform dyeing on coir fibre/yarn by the action of temperature,
efficient & forced circulation of dye liquor and period of dyeing.
This method help to dye large quantities of material at a time avoiding
shade variations compared to the other two processes.
The comparative
cost for dyeing using standard receipes for five common solid colours in
conventional improved and mechanised system of dyeings are furnished below as
Table I
| Table - I : Cost aspects of dyeing in different method |
|
Sl No |
Shade |
%shade |
Direct Blue
2 |
22590 |